Fig. 1: Tonsils are readily infected by MVA.

Tonsil cells were co-cultured with MVA-GFP at a MOI = 1.0 for 24 h and were examined by (a) fluorescent microscopy and (b) labeled with anti-CD45 and examined flow cytometry. Tonsils were collected from a miscellaneous rhesus macaque at necropsy. As such, the co-culturing experiment was only performed once. (c) Anti-MVA antibody levels in the plasma that was collected 4 weeks after tonsil vaccination with MVA (n = 6) as compared to control animals (n = 6). Box plots show minima, 25% percentile, median, 75 percentile and maxima. Statistical analysis was performed using two-tailed Mann–Whitney U test (P = 0.0011). A P < 0.05 (*) was considered significant. * indicate P < 0.05. Error bars represent standard error.