Fig. 3: TEOLED optimization through microcavity and light extraction modulating.

a The energy level alignment. b The normalized EL spectra of TEOLEDs with different cavity lengths. c Current efficiency-current density curves of TEOLEDs with different cavity lengths. d Theoretical calculation of the luminous reflectance of TEOLED with 128.5 nm cavity length as a function of the thickness of rubrene. The blue and violet symbol-lines refers to the conditions of D65 (sunlight) and WLED (indoor lighting) ambient light sources, respectively. e Normalized EL spectra and f current efficiency-current density curves of TEOLEDs with or without rubrene. Source data are provided in a Source Data file.