Fig. 3: Characterisation and performance of nanoporous Cu0.9Zn0.1 catalysts fabricated by co-sputtering and wet-chemical-etching.

a Schematic of nanoporous Cu0.9Zn0.1 for electrochemical CO2R. b SEM images of nanoporous (30 nm) Cu0.9Zn0.1. c STEM and EDS and d HRTEM images of Cu0.9Zn0.1. e Simulated ion concentrations and electro-kinetic flows near the planar and nanoporous (10, 30, and 150 nm) Cu0.9Zn0.1 surfaces. The white lines show the electrokinetic fluctuating vortex. f Magnitudes of flow rate and g concentrations of positive ions within the nanocavities. h CO2R performance of planar and nanoporous (10, 30, and 150 nm) Cu0.9Zn0.1 at 150 mA cm−2 in 0.75 M KOH electrolyte. Error bars represent the standard deviation based on three independent measurements.