Fig. 8: Cell-cell communication from the mesoderm to NCCs is altered in the absence of Tbx1 at E9.5.

a Schematic representation of a transverse section showing signaling (arrows) from pharyngeal mesoderm cells (blue) to NCCs (yellow) in the caudal pharyngeal apparatus. b Bubble plot shows representative cell-cell signaling from Mesp1Cre derived mesodermal cells to NCCs that were significantly altered (Wilcox rank two-sided test without multiple test correction, p value indicated by the size of dot and color; right) in Tbx1 mutant embryos. Each dot represents a ligand–receptor pair interaction (Y-axis) between a specific cluster in the mesoderm cells and NCCs (X-axis). Clusters include anterior and posterior second heart fields (aSHF, pSHF) and the multilineage progenitors (MLP). c UMAP from integration of two replicates of Mesp1Cre;ROSA-EGFP (CTRL) and Mesp1Cre;Tbx1 f/f;EGFP (Tbx1 cKO) datasets. d UMAP plots showing Isl1 expression in control and Tbx1 cKO cells. e–m UMAP plots showing the expression of ligand genes including Wnt5a (e), Wnt2 (f), Sema3c (g), Pdgfa (h), Nrg1 (i), Fgf10 (j), Edn3 (k), Bmp4 (l), and Bmp7 (m) in control and Tbx1 cKO embryos. Arrows indicate cell clusters with gene expression changes in Tbx1 cKO embryos. n Wholemount RNAscope in situ hybridization of Wnt1-Cre;ROSA-EGFP control (lefts panels) and Tbx1 null (right panels) embryos at E9.5 with probes for Egfp and Bmp4. Representative digital sections are shown on the right of 3D reconstruction pictures. Arrowheads show expression of Bmp4 in cells adjacent to the pharyngeal NCCs in Tbx1 null embryos. PA pharyngeal arch. Scale bars: 200 μm.