Fig. 1: Male-killing occurs during late embryogenesis.

A Egg hatch rates of a normal line (SP11-20), an all-female matriline (SP12F), and a transinfected line (tr.SP11-20) of D. biauraria. Box plots represent the median, the first quartiles and third quartiles with whiskers drawn within the 1.5 IQR value. Points outside the whiskers are outliers. SP11-20: n = 180, 152, 135, 373, and 879 eggs examined over 5 independent experiments. SP12F: n = 120, 135, 199, 217, and 810 eggs examined over 5 independent experiments. tr.SP11-20: n = 310, 754, 689, and 866 eggs examined over 4 independent experiments. B Proportion of males of dead (but well-developed) embryos, hatched larvae, and adults in SP11-20, SP12F, and tr.SP11-20 (For SP11-20, dead embryos were excluded from the analysis). Box plots represent the median, the first quartiles and third quartiles with whiskers drawn within the 1.5 IQR value. Points outside the whiskers are outliers. Hatched larvae (SP11-20): n = 60, 46, and 46 individuals examined over 3 independent experiments. Emerged adults (SP11-20): n = 127, 111, 130, 83, and 98 individuals examined over 5 independent experiments. Unhatched dead embryos (SP12F): n = 59, 46, and 45 individuals examined over 3 independent experiments. Hatched larvae (SP12F): n = 65, 43, and 46 individuals examined over 3 independent experiments. Emerged adults (SP12F): n = 217, 139, 82, 67, and 33 individuals examined over 5 independent experiments. Unhatched dead embryos (tr.SP11-20): n = 46, 46, and 46 individuals examined over 3 independent experiments. Hatched larvae (tr.SP11-20): n = 57, 46, and 46 individuals examined over 3 independent experiments. Emerged adults (tr.SP11-20): n = 88, 60, 87, 80, and 47 individuals examined over 5 independent experiments. Embryos and larvae were sexed based on genomic PCR using Y chromosome-specific primers. Raw data are provided in Supplementary Data 1.