Fig. 4: Properties of 220 STATIC genes of PBMC.

a Heatmap of coefficient of variation (CV) evaluated on 93 out of the 220 stable across time in cell-types (STATIC) genes that were identified from 19 cell types in the longitudinal scRNA-seq data of n = 4 healthy participants. The CVs for each of the n = 4 participants were evaluated based on pseudo-bulk intensities in the corresponding 6 independent peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples. The 93 STATIC genes include up to ten top STATIC genes from individual cell types. b Circos plots displaying CV of five example STATIC genes identified from each of five major cell types: T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes (Mono), and dendritic cells (DCs). c Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) using only the 220 STATIC genes as input features (sUMAP) on the same longitudinal scRNA-seq data. d–f sUMAP using the same 220 STATIC genes on three external PBMC datasets ((d) CNP0001102³, (e) GSE149689², (f) GSE164378¹⁶), where cells are labeled as in the original studies. g Distributions of Pearson correlation coefficient between gene expression (pseudo-bulk intensity) in scRNA-seq data and gene score in scATAC-seq data, one for the 220 STATIC genes (median correlation 0.70), one for the top 500 highly variable genes (HVGs, median correlation 0.40), one for the 10,608 reliable genes (average expression ≥0.1, median correlation 0.21), and one for random gene pairs (95% upper confidence bound at 0.399). The correlations were calculated across 14 cell types in 18 PBMC samples (n = 252 data points). h, i Venn diagrams showing the overlaps between the 220 STATIC genes and biomarkers distinguishing either healthy controls (Normal) versus participants infected with influenza (FLU, left panel) or Normal versus participants infected with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID19, right panel). The biomarkers were identified from either (h) CNP0001102³ or (i) GSE149689². Adobe Illustrator (version 27.1.1; https://www.adobe.com/products/illustrator.html) was used to arrange panels and edit text. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.