Fig. 7: Heterogeneous immune responses by COVID19 patients during recovery.

a Volcano plot showing temporal expression changes of individual genes in different cell types during the recovery of patient COV-3 (female, 41 years old, mild symptoms, data on day D1/D4/D16), based on longitudinal scRNA-seq data in CNP0001102³. The x-axis shows the slope (coefficient) of gene expression change as a linear function of time. The y-axis shows the corresponding adjusted p value of the slope. b–d Same as (a) but for patients (b) COV-2 (male, 45 years old, mild symptoms, data on D1/D4/D7/D10/D16), (c) COV-1 (male, 15 years old, mild symptoms, data on D1/D4/D16), and (d) COV−5 (female, 85 years old, severe symptoms, data on D1/D7/D13). a–d Each plot contains results on up to 18,824 genes in 13 cell types (up to 244,712 data points). e Counts of significantly upregulated (adjusted \(p < 0.05\) and \({slope} > 0.1\), red) and significantly downregulated (adjusted \(p < 0.05\) and \({slope} < -0.1\), blue) genes during the recovery of the four COVID-19 patients in individual cell types. a–d The p-value for slope was calculated based on two-sided likelihood-ratio test and adjusted by Benjamini and Hochberg procedure for testing many genes. Adobe Illustrator (version 27.1.1; https://www.adobe.com/products/illustrator.html) was used to arrange panels and edit text. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.