Fig. 1: Astrocytic [Cl−]i is lower during wakefulness and fluctuates during locomotion.
From: Astrocytic chloride is brain state dependent and modulates inhibitory neurotransmission in mice
a [Cl−]i in cortical astrocytes was imaged using mClY and fibre photometry in combination with EEG/EMG recordings in awake, freely moving, or spontaneously sleeping mice. b Representative traces of astrocytic [Cl−]i, EEG, and EMG; colour code indicates sleep and awake periods. c Changes in [Cl−]i during transiting from sleep to awake or from awake to sleep in expanded time scale. d Distribution of astrocytic [Cl−]i during sleep and wakefulness. N = 1 representative mouse. e Average [Cl−]i traces during transition from sleep to awake or awake to sleep, shading indicates ±SEM (standard error of the mean). N = 6 mice. f Mean [Cl−]i and standard deviation (SD) during sleep and wakefulness. N = 6 mice, paired two-tailed t-test *p = 0.0296, **p = 0.002. g Distribution of [Cl−]i in awake and sleep states recorded from freely moving and naturally sleeping mice. N = 6 mice, paired two-tailed t-test, ****p < 0.001. h Distribution of YFP recorded from freely moving and naturally sleeping mice. N = 3 mice. i [Cl−]i in cortical astrocytes was imaged in awake and resting (immobile) or voluntary running (mobile, 10 s immobility followed by more than 1 s mobility) mice. j Cross correlation of [Cl−]i versus SD of EMG. Data represent mean ± SEM. N = 6 mice, the average Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.258. k Representative traces of astrocytic [Cl−]i, EEG, and EMG; colour code indicates mobile and immobile periods. l [Cl−]i trace during transition from immobile to mobile state, shading indicates ±SD. N = 7 mice. m Mean [Cl−]i (N = 7 mice) and standard deviation (N = 6 mice) during immobile and mobile periods. Paired two-tailed t-test, **p = 0.0096, p = 0.7490. n Distribution of [Cl−]i recorded from awake freely moving, mobile or immobile mice. N = 6 mice, one sample t-test, ****p < 0.001. o Relative changes of [Cl−]i when transitioning between sleep and awake (N = 6 mice) versus immobile and mobile (N = 7 mice). Paired two-tailed t-test. [Cl−]i = mClY − ΔF/F (%). Data represent mean ± SEM. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
