Fig. 6: Facile thermal tuning effectively boosts electrocatalytic efficiency.

a Comparison of the electrocatalytic performance in terms of the PRO removal rate (%) after 5 min treatment in a batch-mode EMF system and kinetic degradation rate constant (k, min⁻¹, calculated by fitting based on the data in Supplementary Fig. 13b) among the different CN membranes. b Comparison of the calculated PRO removal rates owing to h⁺ oxidation among the different CN membranes (more data in Supplementary Fig. 16 and 17). c ESR spectra demonstrating the presence of ¹O₂ using 100 mM 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐4‐piperidone (TEMP) as the trapping agent based on the CN_900 membrane. Universality evaluation of the performance of CN_900 in terms of (d) removal rate and (e) electrical energy per order (EEO) in degrading ranitidine (RTD), ciprofloxacin (CIP), cimetidine (CMT), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in continuous mode. f Comparison of electrocatalytic performance in terms of kinetic rate constant (k, min⁻¹) and 1/electrical energy per order (1/EEO, m³ order kWh⁻¹) between this work and other previously published studies (listed in Supplementary Table 3); BDD: boron-doped diamond. g Evaluation of the long-term electrocatalytic performance of CN_900 with 500 μg L⁻¹ PRO influent at a high water flux of 424.5 L m⁻² h⁻¹ and short retention time of 2.5 s. The error bars represent the standard deviation and were calculated on the basis of at least three experimental data points.