Fig. 4: The C. morifolium genome provides insights into diversification of flower shape and flower colour.

a Variation in corolla tube merged degree between parents and offsprings. Bar = 1 cm. b The QTLs controlling petal type on chromosome 5 detected by SNP-index (top) and Euclidean distance (bottom) algorithms, using SNPs. The top 1% threshold is indicated by the horizontal blue dotted line. One significant peak designated as qPT5-5 with 32 genes is shaded and partial enlarged on the right. The green and blue lines represent the gene located on the sense strand and antisense strand, respectively. CmRAD6 (evm.model.scaffold_2712.53) is indicated by a red triangle. c Expression of the 32 genes in the ray (R) and discoid (D) florets of three flat petal type cultivars (R/D1~3), three tubular petal type cultivars (R/D4~6) and three spoon petal type cultivars (R/D7~9). Green star, pink triangle, and purple diamond, respectively, represent the gene is differentially expressed in groups of flat vs tubular, flat vs spoon, tubular vs spoon. d Sub-network for the genes in turquoise module. The heatmap of the hub gene is same as that in c panel. e Phylogenetic tree of CCD4a genes from representative non-yellow wild and cultivated chrysanthemums showing the potential breeding process on flower colour. The orange triangle is merged by all the traditional Japanese chrysanthemums and one traditional Chinese chrysanthemum cultivar. The pink triangle presents a mixture of traditional Chinese chrysanthemums and pot chrysanthemums. The purple and blue triangles represent the group of traditional Chinese chrysanthemums and cut chrysanthemums, respectively. See Supplementary Fig. 31 for the full version of this tree.