Fig. 2: Real-time observation of the surface reconstruction process.

a iR-corrected LSV at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1. b Schematic diagram of in-situ TEM experiment. WE (red), CE (green) and RE (white) represent the working electrode, a counter electrode and a reference electrode, respectively. c The applied potential and corresponding current during the in-situ IT test. d–f The surface reconstruction under the applied voltage of 0.9 V and corresponding schematic diagram of (NiCo)S1.33. Scale bar = 200 nm.