Fig. 2: Economic costs of projected ecosystem service declines.

A Boxplots of total costs by country as fraction of their GDP (computed across all price, discounting and climate change scenarios). B Costs for ecosystem service declines for the whole study region (billion $/year) for all combinations of price, discounting and climate change scenarios (global climate models: GFDL = GFDL-ESM4, IPSL = IPSL-CM6A-LR; shared socio-economic pathways: SSP126 = SSP1-2.6, SSP370 = SSP3-7.0).