Fig. 3: Spin–orbit torques characterization by second-harmonic Hall measurement.
From: Non-volatile electric control of spin-orbit torques in an oxide two-dimensional electron gas
a Second-harmonic Hall resistances \({{{R}}}_{{{{{{\rm{SOT}}}}}},2{{{{{\rm{\omega }}}}}}}\) at φH = 0°, corresponding to the anti-damping like signal, for Eg = ±3.2 kV cm−1. b Second-harmonic Hall resistances \({{{R}}}_{{{{{{\rm{SOT}}}}}},2{{{{{\rm{\omega }}}}}}}\) at φH = 90°, corresponding to the field-like signal, for Eg = ±3.2 kV cm−1. All data have been measured at 10 K with a linear AC current density of j = 4 A cm−1 (I0 = 40 µA).
