Fig. 3: Throughput of NIR-DIW.

a The effects of different NIR light intensities, printing speeds and nozzle diameters on curing. Nozzle diameters were plotted on the abscissa for emphasis, printing speeds were shown upward in the ordinate, with different NIR irradiance along the Z direction. Note that the required minimum light energy increases as the printing speed increases for the same size of nozzles. b Printing accuracy and printing throughput of mainstream DIW. The resolution is defined as 1/D, where D is the nozzle diameter. The print throughput significantly decreased during increasing the resolution.