Fig. 2: Gamma-ray flux from clusters at different redshift intervals.

Total flux of gamma rays for α = 2.3 and \({E}_{\max }=1{0}^{17}\) eV over the entire redshift range (solid lines) and also for different redshift intervals (dash-dotted, dotted, and dashed). The solid lines are the sum of dashed, dotted and dashed-dotted lines. The figure also compares the flux including the separated contributions of the evolution of the CR sources (AGN and SFR) with the flux when there is no source evolution. For comparison, the observed flux by Fermi-LAT is depicted (error bars correspond to the total uncertainties, statistical and systematic)⁶⁶, as well as the upper limits obtained by HAWC (95% confidence level)³¹ and CASA-MIA (90% confidence level)³² experiments.