Fig. 3: Effect of EBL attenuation on the gamma-ray flux for two redshift intervals and three different EBL models20,21,22.

This figure indicates that the EBL flux attenuation is more prominent at high redshifts and sensitive to the adopted EBL model. The flux is plotted for α = 2.3 and \({E}_{\max }=1{0}^{17}\) eV.