Fig. 4: Virus–host links in the different habitats of built environments (BEs).

a A network diagram illustrating viruses and their predicted bacterial hosts at the family level. The circles and diamonds indicate the predicted bacterial hosts and viruses, respectively, and the edges are colored according to the prediction methods. The frequency of virus–host links occurring in a habitat is shown on the right. b The relative abundances of hosts and viruses (grouped by predicted host taxonomy) based on the read mapping of the 614 bulk metagenomes from BEs (left panel). Taxonomy is ordered by the average host coverage across all of the habitats. Pearson’s correlation of the pairs of relative virus–host abundances in each sample (middle panel). Significantly correlated relative abundances (p < 0.05) are colored according to Pearson’s coefficient (middle panel). The average virus–host abundance ratios across the 614 samples are shown (yellow circle), and the percentages of viruses with and without lytic proteins (bar plot) are shown (right panel). The exact p-values are shown in Supplementary Data 8.