Fig. 1: scRNA-seq overview and identification of major cell types in para-cancerous and GA tissues.

a Schematic diagram of the scRNA-seq process. Designed with BioRender©. b Experimental design for scRNA-seq and the corresponding validation. In the discovery cohort, cancer tissues (n = 13) and para-cancerous tissues (n = 5) of 13 patients with GA who underwent radical gastrectomy were analysed. In the validation cohort, GSRC (n = 30) and M/PDA (n = 30) samples were used for IHC verification. The mRNA transcriptome was sequenced from cultured cells. Relevant databases were used for bioinformatics validation. Designed with BioRender©. c The t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding (t-SNE) plot of the 26 main cell types identified from cancer tissues (n = 13) and para-cancerous tissues (n = 5); 32,456 single cells were obtained from para-cancerous tissues, and 117,326 single cells were obtained from cancer tissues. d Violin plot showing the expression levels of cell type marker genes in 8 cell types. e t-SNE plot of cells from cancer and para-cancerous tissues (coloured by cell type). f t-SNE plot of cells from cancer and para-cancerous tissues (coloured by sample origin). g t-SNE plots of cells from cancer tissues, which were grouped by the degree of differentiation and signet ring cell content. h Scale plot of cells from cancer tissues (n = 13), which were grouped by the degree of differentiation and signet ring cell content. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.