Table 3 Adjusted long-term associations between air pollutants and COVID-19-related outcomes in single-pollutant models by COVID-19 waves

From: Long-term exposure to air pollution and severe COVID-19 in Catalonia: a population-based cohort study

  

First wave

Second wave

 

Exposure

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

Hospitalization

 

NO2 (IQR increase: 16.1)

1.32 (1.27–1.37)

1.16 (1.11–1.22)

 

PM2.5 (IQR increase: 3.2)

1.25 (1.21–1.28)

1.11 (1.07–1.14)

ICU admission

 

NO2 (IQR increase: 16.1)

1.48 (1.32–1.67)

1.34 (1.18–1.53)

 

PM2.5 (IQR increase: 3.2)

1.19 (1.09–1.30)

1.12 (1.02–1.23)

Death

 

NO2 (IQR increase: 16.1)

1.15 (1.06–1.25)

1.25 (1.10–1.41)

 

PM2.5 (IQR increase: 3.2)

1.12 (1.06–1.20)

1.14 (1.04–1.25)

Hospital LOS

 

NO2 (IQR increase: 16.1)

1.06 (1.03–1.10)

1.03 (0.99–1.06)

 

PM2.5 (IQR increase: 3.2)

1.07 (1.04–1.09)

1.05 (1.02–1.07)

  1. Time-stratified Cox model adjusted as Model 4: age (continuous term, penalized spline with 6 df) + sex (strata, 2 categories) + smoking status (factor, 3 categories) + individual income (factor, 3 categories) + health risk group (factor, 4 categories) + small area socioeconomic index (continuous term) + percentage of non-Spanish nationals (continuous term) + distance to the closest primary care unit (continuous term) + urbanicity (strata, 3 categories) + average weekly of test-positive proportion (continuous term) + health region (strata, 7 categories)
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