Table 4 Adjusted long-term associations between air pollutants and COVID-19-related hospitalization in single and two-pollutant models, comparing all-cause with cause-specific hospitalizations

From: Long-term exposure to air pollution and severe COVID-19 in Catalonia: a population-based cohort study

  

All cause (n = 47,174)

COVID-19 or respiratory* (n = 36,505)

COVID-19* (n = 33,981)

 

Exposure

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

COVAIR-CAT models

NO2 (increase: 16.1)

Single-pollutant

1.25 (1.22–1.29)

1.27 (1.23–1.32)

1.27 (1.23–1.32)

PM2.5 (increase: 3.2)

Single-pollutant

1.19 (1.16–1.21)

1.21 (1.18–1.24)

1.21 (1.18–1.24)

COVAIR-CAT models

NO2 (increase: 16.1)

Adjusted for PM2.5

1.12 (1.08–1.17)

1.13 (1.08–1.19)

1.12 (1.07–1.18)

NO2 (increase: 16.1)

Adjusted for O3

1.24 (1.19–1.29)

1.29 (1.23–1.35)

1.26 (1.20–1.32)

PM2.5 (increase: 3.2)

Adjusted for NO2

1.12 (1.08–1.15)

1.13 (1.09–1.17)

1.14 (1.10–1.18)

PM2.5 (increase: 3.2)

Adjusted for O3

1.16 (1.13–1.19)

1.19 (1.16–1.22)

1.18 (1.15–1.22)

  1. Model adjusted as Model 4: age (continuous term, penalized spline with 6 df) + sex (strata, 2 categories) + smoking status (factor, 3 categories) + individual income (factor, 3 categories) + health risk group (factor, 4 categories) + small area socioeconomic index (continuous term) + percentage of non-Spanish nationals (continuous term) + distance to the closest primary care unit (continuous term) + urbanicity (strata, 3 categories) + average weekly of test-positive proportion (continuous term) + health region (strata, 7 categories).
  2. *Defined by the ICD-10 code first position.
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