Fig. 2: The thioredoxin and glutathione systems of N. ceranae are significant for the proliferation in the epithelial cells. | Nature Communications

Fig. 2: The thioredoxin and glutathione systems of N. ceranae are significant for the proliferation in the epithelial cells.

From: Engineered symbiotic bacteria interfering Nosema redox system inhibit microsporidia parasitism in honeybees

Fig. 2

a The glutathione system forms glutathione by γ-glutamyl-cysteine (γGCS), glutathione synthetases (GS) and glutathione peroxidases (GPx) in N. ceranae. be The expression level of the γGCS, GS, GPx-1, and GPx-2 genes over the infection process. We replotted the mRNA count of N. ceranae depending on previous quantitation by Huang et al.34 f, g N. ceranae possesses a complete thioredoxin system consisting of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) (f) and thioredoxin peroxidase (TPx) (g). h, i The expression level of the TrxR (h) and TPx (i) genes over the infection process. j Knockdown of N. ceranae γGCS and TrxR gene expression by feeding nanoparticle-mediated dsRNA. k, l Relative expressions of the γGCS and TrxR genes of N. ceranae before and after RNAi on days 10 and 15 (n = 5 bees for both groups). m The load of N. ceranae spores was quantified by microscopy using a hemocytometer. n, o Silencing of γGCS and TrxR genes inhibited Nosema infection levels (n = 6 bees for both groups). Scale bars = 0.025 mm. Statistical analysis was performed by the two-sided Mann–Whitney U test. Error bars represent mean SD. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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