Fig. 2: Ultrafast endocytosis is mediated by the membrane area conservation imposed by F-actin.
From: Membrane compression by synaptic vesicle exocytosis triggers ultrafast endocytosis
a Snapshots from simulations, showing the evolution of membrane curvature within the active zone by fusion of three vesicles when the membrane area conservation is initially on but turned off at 5 ms. Note that the bending moduli of the active zone and periactive zone are made uniform at 20 kBT when the membrane area conservation is turned off during simulations. b Plot showing the temporal evolution of endocytic membrane curvature when the membrane area conservation is turned off at the indicated time points. c Electron micrographs showing ChetaTC-expressing wild-type neurons, treated with 0.1% DMSO, 10 µM Latrunculin A (LatA), and 100 nM Jasplakinolide. The left panel show unstimulated conditions, while the right panel show 100 ms after single stimulus (10 ms light pulse, 37 °C, 4 mM external Ca2+). Black arrow: endocytic pit. d Plot showing the number of endocytic pits at 100 ms after stimulation in unstimulated (-) and stimulated (+) synapses, treated with indicated drugs. Kruskal-Wallis test, with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. ***p < 0.001. ****p < 0.0001. p-values are only shown for direct comparison between unstimulated and stimulated neurons treated with the same drug. See Supplementary Table 2 for the detailed numbers for each sample. e Plot showing the number of ferritin-positive endocytic vesicles and endosomes at 1 s after stimulation in unstimulated (-) and stimulated (+) synapses, treated with indicated drugs. Mean and 95% confidential interval are shown. Kruskal-Wallis test, with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. ***p < 0.001. **p < 0.01. p-values are only shown for direct comparison between unstimulated and stimulated neurons treated with the same drug. See Supplementary Table 2 for the detailed numbers for each sample. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
