Fig. 1: Structural characterizations of Ru1Cu SAA.

a Schematic illustration of preparation processes for Ru1Cu SAA catalysts, with Ti, O, Ru, and Cu atoms shown as pink, gray, blue, and orange, respectively. b SEM image of the Ru1Cu SAA. c HAADF-STEM image of Ru1Cu SAA. d Ru1Cu SAA enlarged images. e HAADF-STEM image and the corresponding elemental mapping. f Ru K-edge FT-EXAFS spectra of Ru1Cu SAA and reference samples (RuO2, and Ru foil), and corresponding Ru1Cu SAA fitting curves, inset showing the schematic model. g Ru K-edge EXAFS WT analysis of Ru1Cu SAA and Ru foil. h Cu K-edge FT-EXAFS spectra of Ru1Cu SAA and reference samples (Cu2O, CuO, and Cu foil), and corresponding Ru1Cu SAA fitting curves, inset showing the schematic model. Scale bars: b 200 nm, c 2 nm, d 1 nm, e 5 nm.