Fig. 3: A 65-bp deletion in the 5′ UTR of OsMADS17 increases grain yield by attenuating translation efficiency.

a–c Main panicles (a), grain width (b), and grain length (c) of C418, C418^CTP-WC, and C418^CTP-CW plants. d Relative expression levels of OsMADS17 in C418, C418^CTP-WC, and C418^CTP-CW plants (n = 3 replicates). e–g Comparison of grain number per main panicle (e), 1000-grain weight (f), and grain yield per plant (g) among C418, C418^CTP-WC, and C418^CTP-CW plants (n = 20 plants). h Determination of specificity of Anti-OsMADS17 antibody. Purified recombinant MBP-OsMADS17 proteins were detected by anti-OsMADS17 and anti-MBP antibody (n = 3 replicates). i–m Comparison of OsMADS17 protein levels in young panicles of C418 and 8IL73 (i), C418 and C418^CTP (j), C418, C418^CTP-WC, and C418^CTP-CW (k), 8IL73 and 8IL73^{RNAi-OsMADS17} (l), and 8IL73 and Mut-6 plants (m). HSP82 was used as the loading control (n = 3 replicates). n, o Dual-LUC reporter system for translation efficiency (TE) analysis. The 5′ UTR of OsMADS17 with De65-bp attenuated TE (n), and the fragment F3 with 22-bp at the end of the 5′ region was critical for the 65-bp fragment increasing TE (o) (n = 3 replicates). p–r Same as (a) to (c) for 8IL73 and Mut-6 plants. s Relative expression levels of OsMADS17 in 8IL73 and Mut-6 plants (n = 3 replicates). t–v Same as (e–g) for 8IL73 and Mut-6 plants (n = 20 plants). w The frequency of genotypes OsMADS17^De65-bp and OsMADS17^In65-bp in cultivated rice. x The geographical distribution of cultivars with genotype OsMADS17^De65-bp in areas of Asia. Scale bars, 10 cm (a, p), 1 cm (b, c, q, r). In d–g, o, the statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test, different letters represent significant differences (P < 0.05), and the exact P values were provided in Supplementary Data 1,  2. In i–n, s–v, comparisons are made by two-tailed Student’s t-test. Data were means ± s.d. Source data underlying Fig. 3d–o, s–x are provided as a Source Data file.