Fig. 5: OsMADS17 expression was regulated by OsMADS1 directly and positively.

a, b Yeast one-hybrid (a) and EMSA (b) assays proved that OsMADS1 is bound to the promoter region of OsMADS17. c Dual-LUC reporter assays indicated that OsMADS1 promoted the activation of the promoter of OsMADS17 in both C418 and 8IL73 plants. Control, cotransfected with reporter construct and an empty effector construct (set to 1) (n = 3 replicates). d–f Relative expression levels of OsMADS1, OsMADS17, and OsAP2-39 in young panicles (0–0.5 cm) of C418, C418^RNAi-OsMADS1, C418^{RNAi-OsMADS17}, and C418^{RNAi-OsAP2-39} plants (n = 3 replicates). g Cultivars with haplotype OsMADS1^AS (with genotype A at S9 position) showed bigger grain size than the others. No. of cvs., number of cultivars. h The frequency of genotypes OsMADS1^AS and OsMADS1^NS in cultivated rice accessions. i The frequency of different combinations of favorable genotypes in cultivars. j Geographical distribution of favorable genotypes in Asia areas. k OsMADS1, OsMADS17, and OsAP2-39 participated in the regulatory network controlling rice grain yield. Data for c–f are means ± s.d. and comparisons are made by two-tailed Student’s t-test. Source data underlying Fig. 5a–j are provided as a Source Data file.