Fig. 3: Correlation between frequency of ABCs and neutralising antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination.

a Cohort details. Samples were collected at days 0, 8, 21 and 105 after the 2^nd dose of BNT162b2 vaccine (healthy controls (HC), grey; patients with rare inborn errors of immunity (IEI): NFKB1 red, CTLA-4 and unclassified orange; patients treated with ICB, blue). b Representative FACS contour plots of CD21^loCD11c⁺ ABCs in CD19 B cells. c Frequencies of B cells within total lymphocytes and frequencies of ABCs within total B cells, at day 0. HC = 10, IEI = 9, ICB = 19 biologically independent samples. Differences between groups were determined using two-tailed non-parametric Mann–Whitney tests. d Neutralising antibody titres at 50% inhibition (NT₅₀) against wildtype SARS-CoV-2 at indicated timepoints after 2^nd vaccine dose. The limit of detection of the assay is indicated (grey dotted line at NT₅₀ = 20), and an arbitrary threshold at the highest NT₅₀ from the HC group at day 0 (brown dashed line). e Correlations between frequencies of ABCs amongst B cells at day 0 and NT₅₀s at days 8, 21 and 105. Two-tailed Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients (rho) and p values are shown, together with indicative linear regression lines. f Frequencies of ABCs amongst CD19⁺ B cells for individuals above and below the arbitrary threshold indicated in panel d at day 105. Above = 19, Below = 12 biologically independent samples. Differences between groups were determined using two-tailed non-parametric Mann–Whitney tests. c–f each point represents one individual.