Fig. 7: Bacteriophage therapy relieved HiAlc Kpn-induced steatohepatitis in germfree mice.

a Constructions of FMT-, FMT/phage-, FMT/IMP-, EtOH- and Pair-fed murine models. Mice were treated with FMT, EtOH or YPD broth for 4 weeks or 8 weeks, and then gavaged with phage, antibiotic imipenem or PBS for a further week. After the construction of murine models, mice were euthanized for subsequent analysis. b Compositions of phylum-based intestinal microbiota in feces of experimental mice. c Abundance of Klebsiella in feces of experimental mice (n = 6, P < 0.0001). d HE and ORO stainings of sections of liver tissues of experimental mice, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of the proximal colon showing the colonization status of HiAlc Kpn in vivo in germfree mice gavaged for 8 weeks. e Concentrations of ALT, AST, TG, DAO, and D-LA in serum of experimental mice (n = 6, except the P value of TG levels between the group FMT-fed and FMT/phage-fed in 4-week model is 0.006, the P value of TG levels between the group FMT-fed and FMT/IMP-fed in 4-week model is 0.021, the P value of DAO levels between the group FMT-fed and FMT/phage-fed in 8-week model is 0.001, the P value of D-LA levels between the group FMT-fed and FMT/phage-fed in 8-week model is 0.001, and the P value of D-LA levels between the group FMT-fed and FMT/IMP-fed in 8-week model is 0.004, other P values < 0.0001). Values are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 6 mice/group). One-way ANOVA, P value < 0.05 (*), 0.01 (**), or 0.001 (***). Source data are provided as a Source data file.