Fig. 3: Physio-chemical characterizations and multimodality imaging of the nanovesicles in vitro and in vivo. | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: Physio-chemical characterizations and multimodality imaging of the nanovesicles in vitro and in vivo.

From: Nanovesicles loaded with a TGF-β receptor 1 inhibitor overcome immune resistance to potentiate cancer immunotherapy

Fig. 3

a, b Time-dependent a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatogram and b degradation ratio of PPa-GPLGLAG-PEG after incubation with MMP-2 (n = 3 independent experiments). c, d Hydrodynamic diameters and representative transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of c ELNV and d ELNV nanovesicles incubated with MMP-2. Scale bars = 100 nm. e Fluorescence property of ELNV (n = 3 independent experiments). The inset graph shows the fluorescence imaging of ELNV. f, g Flow cytometry and CLSM analysis of the cellular uptake of PPa in different groups (n = 3 biologically independent samples). Scale bars = 20 μm. h Flow cytometric analysis of intracellular ROS generation in 4T1 cells (n = 3 biologically independent samples). i, j PDT-triggered CRT exposure and HMGB1 efflux in 4T1 cells (n = 3 biologically independent samples). k The percentage of PDT-induced DC maturation in vitro. Immature DCs were incubated with pre-treated tumor cells for 24 h (n = 3 biologically independent samples). All samples were pretreated with 40 μg/mL MMP-2 before adding to the cells in (f–k). l CLSM examination of ROS generation and CRT exposure in 4T1 tumor ex vivo. Scale bars = 25 μm. m, n Fluorescence and PA images of 4T1 tumor-bearing mice after intravenous injection with LNV or ELNV for different times. The red or white circles indicate the tumor sites. o, p Time course quantifications of the o fluorescence and p PA signal intensity at tumor region in (m) and (n), respectively (n = 3 mice). q T1-weighted MRI of tumor-bearing mice before and 8 h after intravenous injection with LNV and ELNV. Red circles indicate tumor sites. r Quantification of T1-weighted MRI signal intensity in the tumor region in (q) (n = 3 mice). s Mechanism of enzyme-activatable multimodality imaging of ELNV. Error bars represent mean ± SD. The experiment was repeated independently 3 times with similar results in (c, d) and (l). DCF dichlorodihydrofluorescein, Avg. average, Rel. relative. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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