Fig. 3: Experimental setup, process, and unit cell properties.

a Experimental setup. b Schematic of the unit cell. c Phase distributions at different frequencies and incidence angles. d Loss function. Mean average error, MAE. e Theoretical and network-predicted electric field results. The curves represent the one-dimensional data at the focal point. f Focusing process at random angle incidence. The length and width correspond to the range of the swept field, and the height represents the normalized focusing energy.