Table 1 Summary of the reported basic performance of the artificial visual nerve/photoreceptors and our device

h-BN/Wse₂ photoresistor and Wse₂ transistor²⁰

×

-

-

405–655 nm

Colored and color-mixed pattern recognition

PTCDI-C8/VOPc light-sensitive element and P(VDF-TrFE)/ P(VP-EDMAEMAES) gated P(IID-BT) transistor⁴⁷

×

-

-

550–850 nm

light intensity and frequency transduction

ITO/MoO_X/Pd/SiO₂/Si⁴⁸

×

-

-

365 nm

Image memorization and preprocessing

PEA₂MA₂Pb₃I₁₀-based photoresistor & ITO transistor¹⁸

×

-

-

Solar light

Visual-haptic fusion

Ta/InGaZnO₄/Pt and Pt/NbOx/Ta¹⁰

√

~1.4-5 ×10⁶ spike/s

~1 mW @365 nm ~ 2 mW @254 nm

254–365 nm

UV image segmentation

Commercial photoresistor and Ag/TaO_X/ITO⁴⁹

√

1-200 spike/s

0.5 μW @532 nm

532 nm

Visual depth perception

p-i-n perovskite optoelectronic device⁵⁰

×

-

-

435–700 nm

Excitatory and inhibitory light-mediated synaptic functions

MoS₂ transistor⁵¹

×

-

-

660 nm

Visual adaptation

Ti/Au/GaO_X/SiO₂/Si and TiN/TaO_X/HfO_X/TiN⁵²

×

-

-

254 nm

Latent fingerprint identification

ITO/IGZO/Ag/Ta₂O₅/ITO (This work*)

√

0.1–1200 spike/s

210 nW @360 nm 400 pW @405 nm 4.1 pW @532 nm

360–532 nm

Color perception

The photoreceptor in the human eye^{14, 53}

√

~1–1000 spike/s

250 pW @Dark 50 pW @Bright

400–780 nm

Visual perception