Fig. 4: Electrochemically identifying intrinsic activity.

a LSV curves of STLC under different conditions. b Open-circuit potential curves on the STLC electrode in different systems. c Amperometric i–t curve measurements upon the addition of PMS and ONP using STLC as the working electrode. d CV curves of at STLC different scan rates, and ECSA measurements of samples. e EIS measurements for different systems.