Fig. 2: CAB (conductive adhesive-barrier) design for near-perfect preservation of photovoltaic efficiency.

a Schematic design of a p-i-n perovskite solar cell transformed into a photocathode, with the circled region highlighted to depict the CAB|catalyst layers. The CAB|catalyst is attached to the top electrode of the PSC. b SEM image of CAB with graphite and C-based PSA. c Solar cell J-V measurements for devices with various methods of encapsulation, including glass-epoxy (control) and various commercial conductive adhesive inks capped with graphite. Lighter lines and smaller markers denote reverse sweeps. d Stability measurements of representative devices encapsulated with epoxy-glass (control), commercial C paste, and graphite barrier, and conducting C-filled PSA with graphite barrier (CAB). e Photocathode and f photoanode J-V measurements with electrocatalyst versus corresponding dark electrocatalyst-only in 0.5 M H2SO4 at 10 mV/s.