Fig. 5: Theoretical modelling of the QPI patterns around the Γ point.

a Small q Fourier transform of a conductance map measured at 10 mV on a 24° twisted SLG-on-WSe₂ heterostructure. b–d Corresponding QPI patterns calculated for bare SLG, SLG with SOC, and SLG with a mass gap, respectively (scale bar, 0.5 nm⁻¹). e Angular averaged line cut through the experimental data in (a), revealing distinct backscattering peaks at ± 0.47 nm⁻¹. f–h The solid blue lines are the calculated QPI spectra for the three cases we considered: f bare SLG; g SLG with SOC; h SLG with a mass gap. The dotted blue lines represent the theoretical curves broadened to account for momentum resolution and potential fluctuations. Their purple-shaded integral is fanned out over 2π to construct the model QPI in panels b–d. They are compared to the experimental red scattering profile at the bottom of panels (f–h), with SOC matching the data best. Model parameters are: in b, f: λ_vZ = 0 mV, λ_R = 0 mV, m = 0 mV; in c, g: λ_vZ = 2.0 mV, λ_R = 15 mV, m = 0 mV; and in d, h: λ_vZ = 0 mV, λ_R = 0 mV, m = 12 mV.