Fig. 5: Benefit of irrigation drainage system redesigns scenarios from easy to difficult implementation. | Nature Communications

Fig. 5: Benefit of irrigation drainage system redesigns scenarios from easy to difficult implementation.

From: Enhancing rice production sustainability and resilience via reactivating small water bodies for irrigation and drainage

Fig. 5

a Water footprints (WFs) of rice production in the whole of China, b Irrigation self-sufficiency and yield loss due to water stress under 25% dry and 5% extreme dry climate in the whole of China, c WFs for different provinces, d yield loss due to water stress under 25% dry climate for different provinces. The scenarios start from the current status of irrigation and drainage management styles, proceed to a system redesign approach by increasing recycling irrigation (RI) to 100% and pond reconnection (PR) to 100%, followed by the implementation of pond construction (PC) until the area percentage of ditches and ponds reaches 8%. The solid line and dashed line in panels a, b are the mean and median values respectively of 9000 simulation results representing various climate conditions and nutrient retention capabilities, the shaded areas are the inter-quantile ranges. The red dots in panels a, b signal the benefit of water sustainability and system resilience under no apparent land occupation trade-off. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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