Fig. 5: Application of DXBTZ-CB[8]/CSA in the mouse model of subcutaneous tumor and orthotopic bladder tumor.

a Schematic illustration for multispectral optoacoustic imaging of subcutaneous tumor in mice after intravenous injection of DXBTZ-CB[8]/CSA. b Typical MSOT images for the tumor region of a mouse in the supine position at different time points after intravenous injection of DXBTZ-CB[8]/CSA (46.7 mg kg⁻¹). c A representative z-stack orthogonal MIP MSOT image for a mouse at 12 h after intravenous injection of DXBTZ-CB[8]/CSA. d Mean MSOT intensities of the tumor region at varied time points after intravenous injection of DXBTZ-CB[8]/CSA (n = 5 animals per group). e Representative MSOT images for the tumor and major organs excised from a mouse 12 h after intravenous injection of DXBTZ-CB[8]/CSA. f Mean optoacoustic intensities of the tumor and major organs of mice at 12 h upon intravenous injection of DXBTZ-CB[8]/CSA (n = 5 animals per group). g Schematic illustration for multispectral optoacoustic imaging of orthotopic bladder tumor in mice after intravesical injection of DXBTZ-CB[8]/CSA via a catheter. h Typical cross-sectional MSOT images for the control group (mice 20 days post intravesical injection of saline) and the orthotopic bladder tumor model group (mice 20 days post intravesical inoculation of T24 cells). The mice were placed in the prone position for imaging. Left panel: overlay of DXBTZ-CB[8]/CSA optoacoustic signal onto the grayscale image with anatomical information. Right panel: spectrally unmixed optoacoustic signal of DXBTZ-CB[8]/CSA. Organ tags: 1: artery; 2: bladder. The mouse bladder region was delimited with a white dotted circle (ROI). i Mean MSOT intensities at ROI for the control mice and the mice with orthotopic bladder tumor at 1 h upon intravesical injection of DXBTZ-CB[8]/CSA (15.6 mg kg⁻¹; n = 5 animals per group). j Cryosection image of a female mouse corresponding to the cross-section location in h. k Orthogonal MIP MSOT images for the control mouse and the mouse 20 days post intravesical inoculation of T24 bladder cancer cells. Scale bar: 5 mm. l Photos for bladders from the control mouse and the mouse 20 days post intravesical inoculation of T24 bladder cancer cells. Tiny solid nodules (pointed by black arrows) and lesions (shown in a black dashed circle) could be clearly observed on the bladder wall of tumor-bearing mice. m Typical H&E-stained section for bladders from the control group and the orthotopic bladder tumor model group. Scale bar: 200 μm. The magnified images for the areas in the black dotted box are shown in Supplementary Fig. 51. n Immunofluorescence images of anti-CD44-stained bladder sections from the control group and the orthotopic bladder tumor model group. Scale bar: 50 μm. Data are presented as mean values ± SD. Statistical significance was determined by two-tailed t test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ****P < 0.0001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.