Fig. 2: Coordination behaviors of Li+ at the S-CE/B-GE and S-CE/S-GE interfaces.

a Raman spectra of the liquid electrolyte (1.5 M LiFSI DME), S-CE/B-PE, S-CE/B-GE, S-CE/S-PE, and S-CE/S-GE. The Raman laser records the ratio of the chemical state (e.g., free DME/coordinated DME or species of anions) of the liquid electrolyte permeated into the composite layer. b Contributions to the coordination number of Li+ in B-GE, S-CE/B-GE interface, S-GE, and S-CE/S-GE interface. c Diffusivities of Li+ in S-CE/B-GE and S-CE/S-GE structures. The diffusivity of Li+ at the interface was calculated isotropically in the in-plane and through-plane directions, respectively. d 6Li MAS-NMR spectra of S-CE/S-GE composite with liquid electrolyte before and after 6Li exchange (0.05 mA cm−2 for 50 h). Pie charts of 6Li distribution before and after 6Li exchange are presented. e Schematic for the coordination state of moving Li+ in the composite layer.