Fig. 3: Electrolyte decomposition and reversibility of Li anodes.

a Schematic for measurement of electrolyte reduction current. b Measurement of electrolyte reduction current via LSV with Li||Cu cells. Bare Cu was compared with S-CE/B-GE coated Cu and S-CE/S-GE coated Cu. c Measurement of electrolyte reduction current via CA with Li||Cu cells. Bare Cu was compared with S-CE/B-GE coated Cu and S-CE/S-GE coated Cu. c Changes in the coordination state of Li⁺ in the composite layer and their effects. d Deposited Li morphology plated at 3 mAh cm⁻² and 1 mA cm⁻². e Bare Li, Li|S-CE/B-GE, and Li|S-CE/S-GE symmetric cell at 3 mAh cm⁻² and 5 mA cm⁻². f Quantification of the molar concentration of electrolyte remaining in the cell after evaluation of the symmetric cell. The amount consumed is shown translucent. Inset: Pie chart of the percentage of consumed molecules.