Fig. 5: Electrochemical performance of Li||NMC pouch cells.

a Pressurized Li|S-CE/S-GE||NMC pouch cell configuration. b Plot of the projected energy density of LMB with E/C ratio at various Li metal electrode thicknesses. c Rate capability of Li|S-CE/S-GE||NMC pouch cell at various discharge rates (0.1–3.0 C, 1.0 C = 3.5 mA cm−2). d Plots of capacity retention as a function of cycle number for the Li||NMC, Li|S-CE/B-GE||NMC and Li|S-CE/S-GE||NMC pouch cells at E/C of 2.15 g Ah−1 (2.44 g Ah−1 including composite layer) operated at a charge/discharge rate of 0.2 C/1.0 C in a voltage window of 3.0–4.3 V with constant voltage charging at 4.3 V at 25 °C. e, f Voltage profiles of the Li||NMC and Li|S-CE/S-GE||NMC pouch cells at selected cycles. g Plots of capacity retention as a function of cycle number for the Li|S-CE/S-GE||NMC pouch cells at E/C of 1.28 g Ah−1 (1.57 g Ah−1 including composite layer) operated at a charge/discharge rate of 0.2 C/1.0 C in a voltage window of 3.0–4.3 V with constant voltage charging at 4.3 V at 25 °C. The results of two samples are shown.