Fig. 4: Charge–discharge profiles and long-term cyclability.

The charge–discharge profiles of Li-In|SE|TiS₂ASSBs with a LPSI, b LPSC, c LSPSC, and d LASI-80Si sulfide SEs, respectively. Due to the low ionic conductivity of LPSI (~10⁻⁶S cm⁻¹ at 25 °C) compared with the other three sulfide SEs, Li-In|LPSI|TiS₂ASSB can only cycle at low current density of 0.015 mA cm⁻² and delivers a low specific capacity. e Comparison of 1^st-cycle charge–discharge profiles for TiS₂ composite cathodes without and with Li₂S/LiI additives, including 0.5TiS₂ + 0.5LPSC (black), 0.5TiS₂ + 0.47LPSC + 0.03Li₂S (blue), 0.5TiS₂ + 0.47LPSC + 0.03LiI (red), and 0.5TiS₂ + 0.47LPSC + 0.06LiI (cyan). f Comparison of 1^st-cycle charge–discharge profiles for various TiS₂ composite cathodes, including 0.5TiS₂ + 0.5LSPSC (black), 0.5TiS₂ + 0.44LSPSC + 0.03Li₂S + 0.03LiI (blue), and 0.5TiS₂ + 0.5LASI-80Si (red). The numerical value before each component represents its weight ratio in composite cathodes. g The discharge capacity and coulombic efficiency as a function of cycle number at 0.76 mA cm⁻² for ASSBs with LPSC, LSPSC, and LASI-80Si sulfide SEs, respectively. h The charge/discharge capacity and coulombic efficiency as a function of cycle number at 2.44 mA cm⁻² for Li-In|LASI-80Si|TiS₂ ASSB. The ASSB first cycled at 0.122 and 1.22 mA cm⁻² for five cycles, and subsequently cycled at 2.44 mA cm⁻². i Comparison of cycle lives at different current densities for TiS₂-based ASSBs coupling with various electrolytes, including the borohydride SEs^{58,59,60,61,62}, glass⁶³, glass-ceramics⁶⁴, Thio-LISCICON²⁷, LGPS-type^65,66, and argyrodite-type⁶⁷ sulfide SEs, and LASI-80Si in this work. Note that the number at x-axis corresponds to the No. at Supplementary Table 24. All cells assembled in this work were tested at 30 °C.