Fig. 2: HS-AFM imaging of the AMC-109 effects on S. aureus lipid membranes supported on mica.

a HS-AFM images of the untreated membrane showing the diffusion dynamics of lateral lipid domains (blue arrows). Dynamic path of two lateral domains (blue and green discs) were tracked in the 0.3 s per frame movie. Nanodomains diffusion was observed in 18 independent experiments. b HS-AFM images of the membrane in time after the addition of 2 μg/ml AMC-109. For an example of a 0 min frame see panel a. Lateral domains accumulate together, then gradually dissolve. This is followed by expansion and thinning of the membrane. Similar behavior was observed in 5 independent experiments. c Membrane thickness evolution over time after the addition of 4 μg/ml AMC-109. Measured from HS-AFM images at the continuous parts of the S. aureus lipid membrane surrounding the lateral lipid domains. Mean membrane height and standard errors of the mean are displayed. Data points are each the mean of N > 20 individual measurements (N = 363, 49, 22, 21, 74, 31, 52, 93, 37, 41, 71, 27, 35, 34, 27, 24, and 45, from left to right respectively. N represents number of point height measurements from the HS-AFM image at the specified time. Each height measurement is given as a difference between the height on top of the membrane and the height of the background.). Insets shows membrane details before the AMC-109 addition, and at t = 4 min and t = 15 min after. Average height before the AMC-109 addition is 4.65 ± 0.02 nm. At time 13–15 min the height settles around 3.5 nm. Source data for panel c are provided as a Source Data file.