Fig. 1: The cDC1-activated hydrogel microsphere vaccine was used as a general immune amplifier to amplify the cDC1/CD8⁺ T-cell antitumour axis after ablation therapy.

a Schematic diagram of the generation of the hydrogel microsphere vaccine. Briefly, we loaded a Cas9 plasmid and CD40L cytokines into liposomes and CaCO₃ nanoparticles, respectively, and then mixed them with FLT3L cytokines and hyaluronic acid (HA) to create a hydrogel microsphere vaccine under microfluidic control. b The hydrogel microsphere vaccine amplified the recruitment and amplification of tumour-resident cDC1s by rapidly releasing FLT3L, followed by the controlled release of CD40L in the acidic TME, which further amplified cDC1 maturation and migration into TdLNs. c The hydrogel microsphere vaccine acts as an immune amplifier to trigger a rocket-like amplification of the CD103⁺CD11b⁻ cDC1-mediated antigen cross-presentation cascade, resulting in dramatic amplification of the antitumour immunity of endogenous CD8⁺ T cells after ablation therapy. d The hydrogel microsphere vaccine induced strong systemic antitumour immunity, which combated the growth of distant metastases. Source data are provided as a Source data file.