Fig. 2: Design and characterization of metamaterial textiles.

a Photograph of the metamaterial textile in a folded state. Scale bar, 1 cm. b–d Structure of metamaterial textiles including a phased surface loaded with passive elements (b), an SSP waveguide (c), and a matching section (d). e Amplitude and phase responses of the five ports labeled in (b) as a function of frequency. f Dispersion curves for SSP structure design with h = 16, 18, 20, and 22 mm, respectively. g Transmission coefficient as a function of h for varying number of matching units (N). h Photograph of a metamaterial textile network integrating two SSP transmission lines (TL) and four phased surface terminals. i Comparisons of full-wave simulations of wireless implant-to-implant transmission in a computation human body model (28.95 dB enhancement with the metamaterial textile). Antennas are placed 4 cm below the skin (black dots). j Transmission coefficient with (top) and without (bottom) metamaterial textiles as a function of the length of the metamaterial textile and the depth of implantation, where dashed lines are contour lines for transmission levels with a spacing of 5 dB.