Fig. 3: Growth mechanism of fibrous RP flakes.
From: Polarization conversion in bottom-up grown quasi-1D fibrous red phosphorus flakes
a Schematic diagram of the kinetic barrier \(\Delta G\) of (001), (010), (100) crystal facets of fibrous RP. b Schematic illustration for the morphology evolution of fibrous RP according to the relationship between chemical potential difference and kinetic barrier. The morphology evolution can be divided into three types, (i) P4 molecules tend to grow along the longitudinal direction; (ii) P4 molecules tend to grow along the longitudinal and lateral directions; (iii) P4 molecules tend to grow in all directions. The pink arrows indicate the direction of P4 molecule binding. c Partial pressure diagram of the corresponding equilibrium gas pressure of the P/Sn/I2 system in the temperature range from 273 to 873 K calculated by CalPhaD. d Schematic diagram of the starting materials (P4, SnI2) and geometry-optimized structures (i, ii, iii) in the proposed growth mechanism. e Total energy of the starting materials (P4, SnI2) and geometry-optimized structures (i, ii, iii) calculated by Gaussian. Note: Data used in (e) are summarized in Supplementary Tables 2 and 3. f Schematic diagram of the growth mechanism fibrous RP crystals.
