Fig. 2: Coordination environment of the single-atom metal centers.

a–c Atomic resolution EELS point spectra of the N K-edge and corresponding metal-edge of Fe (L3,2), Rh (M3) and La (M5,4), in the M-N-C catalysts, indicating nitrogen coordination of the single atom M-Nx site. All scale bars are 2 nm. d–f FT EXAFS spectra of the Fe, Rh and La-N-C catalysts, with the corresponding metallic foil and metal oxide standards, demonstrating the presence of M-Nx sites. Where the black, blue, brown/silver/green balls represent carbon, nitrogen and metal atoms, respectively. g–i WT-EXAFS of the Fe K-edge of Fe-N-C, Rh K-edge of Rh-N-C and La L3-edge of La-N-C. j–l N 1s XPS spectra for the Fe, Rh and La-N-C catalysts, confirming the presence of M-Nx moieties.