Fig. 2: Electrofunctionalizing of A5 with ETE-S in vitro.

a Schematic depicting the in vitro electropolymerization of the A5 + ETE-S solution after injection into an agarose mold. b Monitoring ETE-S diffusion using UV-light (365 nm). The experiment was repeated >5 times. c A5 in agarose before and after electropolymerization with ETE-S. The experiment was repeated >5 times. d Time-dependent current during A5–ETE-S electropolymerization with both contacts on the A5 core. e Smoothed Current–Voltage sweeps before (blue) and after (orange) A5–ETE-S electropolymerization in agarose with both contacts on the A5 core. f, g Electropolymerized A5–ETE-S in agarose containing A549 cells with (g) or without (f ) DiI cell labeling (red channel). The positions of some cells are indicated by white arrows. The experiment was repeated 3 times. h, i Bright-field microscopy images depicting HLF−1 cells exposed to ETE-PC at 0 µg ml⁻¹ and 250 µg ml⁻¹, respectively. j Normalized live HLF-1 cell count upon exposure to A5, ETE-S, or ETE-PC at varying concentrations (n = 3 technical and 3 biological replicates). Data are presented as mean values ± SEM. Scale bars: 5 mm (b), 1 mm (c), 100 µm (f ), 50 µm (e), 500 µm (h, i). Image created with BioRender.com.