Fig. 1: Design and working principle of the OBS.

a Schematic illustration of the OBS laminated on the surface of the hand. The OBS is based on the optoacoustic effect and can monitor hypoxia, exogenous agent decay, vascular compliance, and endothelial dysfunction. Meanwhile, OBS can map the blood information to a 3D distribution model. b Schematic layout of the OBS: a multi-layered integration of optical (micro-lens), and acoustic (piezo-layer) elements with connection, insulation, electrode, and encapsulation layers. See Methods and Supplementary Figs. 1–2 for the detailed OBS fabrication process. c Photograph of the OBS under bending. d Photograph of the OBS with flexible connecting circuits closely attached to the human wrist. e The cross-distributed acoustic and optical nodes. f, g An exploded view of a single optical (f) and acoustic (g) node.