Fig. 1: Locomotion enhances olfactory learning speed-dependently.

a Diagram of the experimental procedures, and equations for calculating the choice index and learning index. b The learning index but not the naïve choice index depends on locomotion speed. A transgenic strain expressing HisCl1 in body-wall muscle cells (BWM-HisCl1, strain ID: PLX307) was used. Each data point represents results from 27 to 38 assays at one concentration of histamine. In each assay, 5 and 100–150 animals were used for the speed test and choice test, respectively (see Methods). Solid lines are linear fits to the data. *, **, and *** indicate p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively, compared with the 0-histamine control (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test). Top, p = 0.9758, 1, 1, 1, and 1. Bottom, p = 0.0006, 0.0053, 0.013, 0.4685, and 1. c, d PA14-evoked Ca²⁺ drop in AVA, AIB, and RIM of naïve and trained BWM-HisCl1 animals (strain ID: PLX228) without and with prior histamine treatment. Top: Heatmaps of Ca²⁺ signal arranged by the response duration. Each row represents an individual animal’s GCaMP6 signal over time. Bottom: The mean (solid line) and SEM (shaded area) of each group. e, f Comparison of training-induced amplitude and duration changes of the Ca²⁺ drop in AVA, AVB, and RIM between BWM-HisCl1 animals without and with prior histamine treatment. * and ** indicate p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively (two-sided unpaired t test). From left to right, p = 0.004, 0.0308, and 0.0296 (e), 0.0033, 0.0031, and 0.0074 (f). Brackets contain the number of animals tested (n). Data are shown as means ± SEM. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.