Fig. 4: ASIC-1 and DEL-1 mechanoreceptors are required for locomotion to modulate olfactory learning.

a, b asic-1(ok415);del-1(ok150) mutant shows great decreases in the frequency and amplitude of Ca²⁺ transients in AVA, and in the correlation coefficients of Ca²⁺ transients among AVA, AIB, and RIM compared with wild type (WT). The mutant phenotypes are rescued by expressing wild-type asic-1 and del-1 cDNAs in VA and VB using Pdel-1. c The asic-1;del-1 mutant displays less PA14 training-induced change of the Ca²⁺ drop in AVA than WT, and this phenotype is rescued in the strain expressing wild-type asic-1 and del-1 cDNAs in VA and VB. Shown are the heatmaps arranged by the response duration (top left), the mean (solid line) and SEM (shaded area) of each group, and statistical comparisons of the training-induced changes of the Ca²⁺ drop (right). d The learning index but not the naïve choice index is significantly reduced in the asic-1;del-1 mutant compared with WT, and the mutant phenotype is rescued in the strain expressing wild-type asic-1 and del-1 cDNAs in VA and VB. e The enhancing effect of locomotion speed on the learning index is greatly reduced in the asic-1;del-1 mutant compared with WT. The transgenic animals expressing HisCl1 in body-wall muscle cells (BWM-HisCl1) were used (strain IDs: PLX310 and PLX307). Solid lines are linear fits to the data. WT data in Fig. 1b are redisplayed here. Each data point of the asic-1;del-1 mutant group represents results from 28-32 assays using one concentration of histamine (from left to right are: 5 mM, 3 mM, 1 mM, 0.7 mM, 0.5 mM, 0.1 mM, 0.02 mM, and 0). *, **, and *** indicate p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively, based on either one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test (a–d), two-sided unpaired t test (d), or two-sided Fit comparison with F-test (e). Compared with WT, p = 0.0004 and 0.0798 (frequency, a), 0.0015 and 0.9873 (amplitude, a), 0.0022 and 0.9172 (AVA vs AIB, b), < 0.0001 and 0.8852 (AVA vs RIM, b), 0.041 and 0.8101 (top, c), 0.0025 and 0.9922 (bottom, c), 0.2054 (left, d), 0.0005 and 0.7682 (right, d). Brackets contain the number of animals tested (a–c) or independent assays (d). Data are shown as means ± SEM. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.