Fig. 1: Morphological evolution, optical feature, element mapping, and atomic analysis of CFPB during acid etching.

a Illustration of the structural changes of CFPB from nanocube to nanoframe and the controllable strategy to proceed water-driven CDT on cancer cells. b–g TEM and SEM images showing the structural transformation of CFPB. All scale bars are 100 nm. h Co/Fe ratios determined by AA measurements as a function of the etching duration. i Element mapping analysis of the nanoframes after 24 h of reaction. j UV–Vis spectrum of the nanostructures as a function of the etching duration. Inset: Photograph depicting the color of colloidal solutions following etching duration. k The heating performance of CFPB nanocubes and CFPB nanoframes under exposure to an 808-nm laser diode at 0.8 W/cm2. All data were obtained in triplicate (n = 3, the error bars represented mean ± SD). Source data are provided as a Source Data file. a–g, i, j One representative data was shown from three independently repeated experiments.