Fig. 3: Self-supply generation of O2, H2O2, and ‧OH from H2O from CFPB nanocubes and nanoframes.

a, b Oxygen generation from water oxidation activated by PB, CFPB nanocubes and nanoframes at a fixed as 14 ppm of Fe for PB and Co for CFPB for at various reaction times and at various cobalt concentrations over 30 min. Prior to O2 measurement, O2 was removed using a purge procedure with N2. The dye of Ru(dpp)3Cl2, as an oxygen indicator, was employed to examine oxygen generation in 20-mL vials observing the decrease in fluorescence intensity at 613 nm in the presence of oxygen. c, d H2O2 generation activated by PB, CFPB nanocubes and nanoframes at a fixed as 14 ppm of Fe for PB and Co for CFPB for at various reaction times and at various cobalt concentrations over 30 min. A purge was conducted to remove O2 from the test tube before the measurements. e Colorimetric analysis of H2O2 generation showing yellowish color from PB, CFPB nanocubes and nanoframes at various concentrations of Fe and cobalt. One representative data was shown from three independently repeated experiments. f Continuous observation of H2O2 as a function of time for nanoframes. g, h The APF dye was used to determine the enhanced fluorescence at 520 nm in the presence of ‧OH. Fluorescence intensity obtained from PB, CFPB nanocubes and nanoframes at a fixed as 14 ppm of Fe for PB and Co for CFPB for at various reaction times and at different concentrations of CFPB nanocubes, nanoframes, and CFPB@Lipo nanoframes over 1 min. The ratio of the fluorescence intensity was calculated from the APF dye without and with nanostructures. i Sustainable observation of ‧OH generation from CFPB nanoframes at a fixed cobalt concentration of 1.4 ppm. j The generation of ‧OH was evaluated by ESR spectrometer using 100 mM 5,5-Dimethyl−1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) spin-trapping adduct with and without CFPB nanocubes and nanoframes (1.4 ppm of Co concentration). All data were obtained in triplicate (n = 3, The error bars represented mean ± SD). p-values were calculated by one-way ANOVA. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.